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法律术语解读:侵权与犯罪

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  Torts vs. Crimes(侵权与犯罪)

  原文:

  Simply stated, a tort is a wrong. It is a private wrong (civil as opposed to criminal) resulting from a breach of a legal duty derived from society"s expectations regarding proper and improper interpersonal conduct.

  A tort is any socially unreasonable conduct, which is not contractual, for which a court will grant monetary damages or an equitable remedy to compensate an individual for his/her injury. The rights and duties involved in a tort case may arise from either statute or common law.

  While, a crime is an offense against the public, and criminal law does not seek to compensate the victim. Tort includes both deliberate wrongs (intentional torts) and inadvertent or accidental wrongs (negligent torts), as well as wrongs for which the offender is held liable regardless of motivation or ability to prevent the injury (strict liability)。 Torts that are specifically related to business are grouped separately. Tort law is perhaps the broadest and most volatile area of civil law.

  Conduct that is a tort may also be a crime. Conduct that unreasonably interferes with someone else"s interest is frequently both a tort and a crime.

  1. Most crimes involve socially unacceptable conduct that unreasonably interferes with another"s interests, e.g., arson, burglary, manslaughter, murder, rape, and robbery.

  2. The burden of proof in a tort action (a “preponderance of the evidence”) is much lighter than the state"s burden in a criminal action (“beyond a reasonable doubt”)。

  3. Because the burden of proof is much lighter in a tort action, it is possible to prevail in a tort case while the state does not succeed in its related criminal prosecution.

  4. Thus, differentiating between a tort and a crime is essential.

  a. A tort is any socially unreasonable conduct, which is not contractual.

  b. A crime is an offense against the public and has little, if anything, to do with compensating the victim of the crime.

  c. In a tort action, an injured party sues to obtain compensation for the damages that (s)he sustained as a result of the defendant"s wrongful conduct.

  The fundamental purpose of tort law is to compensate the injured party, not necessarily to punish the wrongdoer as in criminal law. However, punitive damages (compensation in excess of actual damages) may be awarded if the defendant"s conduct was willful, malicious, or particularly repugnant.

  译文: 侵权与犯罪

  简单来讲,侵权就是不法行为。它是一种私法意义上的不法行为(与刑事相对的民事行为),基于违反法律义务这一事实而产生,这种义务源于社会对有关正确或不正确的人际行为的预料。

  侵权行为是所有社会中不合理的行为,它不同于契约关系,法院可以通过判以赔偿金或某种衡平性的补救对他/她所遭受的伤害进行补偿。某一侵权案件中所包含的权利与义务,或基于法令条例,或基于判例法而产生。

  与此相对应,犯罪行为是对公众利益的侵害,而且刑法并不寻求对受害人的补偿。侵权既包括预先准备的违法行为(故意的侵权行为),有包括疏忽的或意外性的行为(过失侵权行为),还有那些不论违法者的动机或阻止损害的能力,均应负责的行为(严格责任)。与商业相关的特定的侵权行为,分别类聚。可以说,侵权法可能是民法中范围最广、又最缺少稳定性的领域。

  某一侵权行为可以同时是一犯罪行为。那些不合理地妨害其他人利益的行为常常既是侵权行为,又是犯罪行为。国家将侵权法施行于其全体公民。

  1.大多数犯罪行为包含社会所不容许的侵害他人利益的不合理行为,例如,纵火、入室行窃、杀人、谋杀、强奸,及抢夺。

  2.在侵权诉讼中的举证责任(“证据优势”),比国家在刑事诉讼中的责任要轻得多(“无合理疑点”)。

  3.由于侵权诉讼中的举证责任要轻得多,所以相对于国家在其刑事起诉中的举证困难来讲,在侵权案件中的举证责任更为简便易行。

  4.可见,必须对侵权行为与犯罪行为加以区分。

  a.侵权是任何社会的不合理的行为,它不是契约性的行为。

  b.犯罪行为是针对公众的侵害行为,很少(如果有的话)处理对犯罪行为受害者的补偿问题。

  c.在侵权诉讼中,受害方提出诉讼请求,在于寻求对于由被告的非法行为而致使其所承受的损害的赔偿。

  侵权法最基本的目的是对受害者的救济与补偿,而不必象刑法那样对非法行为人进行惩罚。需要补充的是,如果被告的行为是故意的、恶意的,或特别讨厌的,惩罚性的赔偿金(即超出实际损害的赔偿)也可能判与。

  注释:

  regarding prep. 关于

  contractual a. 契约的

  monetary a. 货币的,金钱的

  deliberate wrongs 故意的(蓄意的)非法行为

  inadvertent a. 不注意的,疏忽的,无意中做的

  offender n. 罪犯,冒犯者

  motivation n. 动机

  volatile a. 飞行的,挥发性的,可变的,不稳定的 n. 挥发物

  arson n. 纵火,纵火罪

  burglary v. 入室行窃

  manslaughter n. 杀人,一般杀人罪

  murder n. v. 谋杀,凶杀

  rape n. vt. 掠夺,强*

  robbery n. 抢掠,抢夺

  burden of proof 举证责任

  preponderance n. 优势,占优势

  beyond a reasonable doubt 无合理疑问,理无可疑

  wrongdoer n. 不法行为者,犯罪之人,侵权者

  punitive damages 惩罚性损害赔偿金

  willful a. 故意的,任性的

  malicious a. 恶意的,怀有恶意的,恶毒的

  repugnant a. 不一致的

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