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Prior to the adoption ofthe Con-stitution，the United States was governed by the Articles of Confederation.Under the Articles， almost all functions ofthe national government were vested in a single-chamber legislature called Congress.There was no separation ofexecutive and legislative powers. The absence ofa national judiciary was considered a major weakness ofthe Articles of Confederation.Consequently，the delegates gathered at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 expressed wide-spread agreement that a national judi-ciary should be established.A good deal ofdisagreement arose，however，on the specific form that the judcial branch should take.