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One group,which believed that federal law should be adjudicated in the state courts first and by the U.S.Supreme Court only on appeal,ex-pressed the fear that the new govern-ment would destroy the rights of the states.The other group of legislators,suspicious ofthe parochial prejudice of state courts,feared that litigants from other states and other countries would be dealt with unjustly.This lat-ter group naturally favored a judicialsystem that included lower federal courts.The law that emerged from this debate,the Judiciary Act of1789,set up a judicial system composed of a Supreme Court,consisting ofa chief justice and five associate justices;three circuit courts,each comprising two justices ofthe Supreme Court and a district judge;and 13 district courts,each presided over by one district judge.The power to create inferior federal courts,then,was immediately exercised.Congress created not one but two sets oflower courts.
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