【www.pindukj.com--英语写作指导】
公文是党政机关、企事业单位、社会团体在进行公务活动时的工具。在日常公文的运用中，常常出现各种不同的问题，本文就公文写作存在的文种运用不当，如何积累整理材料，安排结构和公文的视野高度等方面问题试谈解决的办法。以下是小编整理的自考英语写作集合5篇，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
更多自考相关内容推荐
成人自考英语作文答题技巧
一、举实例
思维短路，举实例!提出一个观点，举实例!提出一个方案，举实例!而且者也是我们揭示一个观点最好的方式，任何情况下，只要我们无法继续文章，不管三七二十一，尽管举例子!
In order to attract more customers， advertisers have adopted every
possible simulative factor in making ads， such as sound， light， colours，
cartoon films and human performance. For instance， to advertise a certain
food， advertisers will ask an actor or actress to sit at a table and
devour the seemingly delicious food while they fime him or her.
更多句型：
To take … as an example， One example is…， Another example is…， for example
二、做比较方法：
写完一个要点，比较与之相似的;又写完一个要点，再比较与之相反的;
世界上没有同样的指纹，没有相同的树叶，文章亦同，只有通过比较，你才会发现二者的相同点(through comparison)和不同点(through
contrast)。下面是一些短语：
相似的比较：
in comparison， likewise， similarly， in the same manner
相反的比较：
on the other hand， conversely， whereas， while， instead， nevertheless， in
contrast， on the contrary， compared with …， …
三、换言之没话说了，可以换一句话再说，让你的文章在多一些字，或者文邹邹地说，是让读者更充分的理解你的观点。
实际就是重复重复再重复!下面的句子实际上就三个字 I love you!
I am enthusiastic about you. That is to say， I love you.
I am wild about you. In other words， I have fallen in love with you.
或者上面我们举过的例子：I cannot bear it.
可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.
因此可以这样说：I cannot bear it. That is to say， I cannot put up with it or I am
fed up with it.
更多短语：
in more difficult language， in simpler words， put it more simply
英语写作要诀twenty-word formula
agreement： 主语和谓语在人称、数上的一致，关系代词与先行词的一致。
ambiguity： 尽量不去使用可能引起歧义的词语或句子。
brief： 文章“简为贵”，要抓住要点，简明扼要。
coherence： 文理通顺，前后连贯。
development： 主题的发挥应当充分、合理、正确。
division： 词汇、句子、段落要分配使用得当，划分要清楚，避免使用重复字句和种子片段。
figures： 正确合理使用各类修辞格式。
inflated diction： 不使用做作的语言。
key： 用适当的关键词突出主题，每段都应有主题句。
logical： 内容要符合逻辑。
message： 信息要新鲜、确实、可信。
omit： 合理删除多余的不必要部分。
proposition： 主张、观点、论述要清楚肯切、合情入理。
punctuation： 正确适时使用标点符号。
relevant： 文章一定要要题。
sentence pattern： 句型要尽量多样化。
straight： 开门见山，直来直去。
style： 文体恰切，适合内容要求。
tense： 动词时态要正确、一致、变化合理。
theme： 选题得当，主题突出。
成人自考语文答题技巧
在成考中，主观题一部分是阐释题，一部分是作文题，这两部分分值较高，得分多少直接影响总成绩。主观题复习中，考生要会从原文中找答案，这样才能取得好成绩。
成人高考《语文》分1卷、2卷两部分，1卷为机读题，4选1形式，有2部分内容，一部分是18分的基础知识，另一部分的阅读占12分;2卷分值是120分，其中散文阅读占25分，古诗文阅读占25分，小作文占20分，大作文占50分。
实际考试中，主观题的阐释题包括现代文阅读、古诗文阅读和作文。现代文阅读一般要求考生分析文章，然后阐释分析结果。结果正确与否，取决于考生阅读中能不能从提供的作品中获取答题相关信息。
复习时，每篇文章从思想内容到表达方式等，都是考生要重点掌握的信息。考试时，首先会考查考生筛选信息的判断力，即考查考生是否懂得题目在问什么，如问的是思想内容方面的，还是文学表达技巧方面的。其次考查考生对该问题的记忆，即记起原文什么地方有相关答案。现代文阅读题的答案一般都隐藏在文中。答案不是自己想出来的，而是原作提供的。如果想把题目做好，就要从试题所给作品中去获取信息。
答题时，要按题目要求，迅速在原文中找出相关答案。答案一般在文中都会有大致范围。如问某篇文章作者通过什么事物抒发了何种情怀，这样的内容在文中的结尾较常见。结尾常见的议论性、抒情性的语言，常常在无意中透露给我们答题的信息。
成人自考语文公文写作要点
一、下级机关一般应按照直接的隶属关系行文而不要越级行文。
二、行文常规：平行或不相隶属的机关之间，应当使用平行文(如函、通知等)，不能使用上行文(如请示、报告等)，更不能使用下行文(如命令、指示、决定等)。
三、要分清主送机关和抄送机关。向上级的请示，不要同时抄送下级机关;向下级机关的重要行文，可以抄送直接上级机关。受双重领导的单位向上级机关的请示，应当根据内容写明主送机关和抄报机关，由主送机关负责答复所请求的问题;上级机关向受双重领导的单位行文时，应当抄送另一个上级机关。
四、要注意党政不分的现象。党务和政务事宜要分别行文，凡属政府方面的工作，应以政府名义行文;凡属党委方面的工作，应以党委名义行文。
自考英语写作基础题型
自考英语写作基础题型
一、单项选择题
(1)先易后难：一些考题的答案比较容易选定，可以先从这些考题入手。平时练习时，应以基础为主，主要精力不应放在偏题、怪题上。
(2)分析考查意图、运用相关知识：应学会分析出题者考查的意图，明确相关题的测试点是什么，然后运用所学知识，进行分析、判断，再进行选择。
(3)利用暗示进行选择：注意考题涉及的语境范围。平时应注重对习惯用语表达、惯用法和中英文化差别等方面知识的积累。
(4)运用排除法：可采取语言排除、逻辑排除、语法排除或选择排除等方法。先排除较容易、较明显的错误选项，缩小范围，而后对剩余的选项进行比较分析，最后确定答案。
二、完形填空题
1、搭配判断法。
根据对以往试题的分析，搭配型考题在完形填空题中占的比例最高。搭配型问题主要测试常见搭配的熟练程度，比如说哪些词要搭配不定式、动名词或某种从句，哪些词必须与某个介词搭配。我们在复习时要特别注意短语动词和介词的固定搭配。
2、结构判断法。
结构型问题主要包括句型、句式、连接词的选择等，解题时要运用句法知识，把握关键词，从而做出迅速正确的判断。完形填空题中有很多是利用语法的正确性与逻辑的排斥性间的矛盾来设计的。因此考生应结合上下文的合理性及意义关系的逻辑性选择最佳答案。完形填空中常考的逻辑关系主要有：
(1)转折、让步关系：这种关系表明后一种观点或事实与前一种观点或事实相比有些出乎意料。
常见的表示转折、让步的词或词组有：but，still，yet，however，though，although，no matter，in spite of，anyway，even if等。
(2)因果关系：
表示原因的连词或词组有：because (of )，due to，owing to，thanks to，since，for，as等。
表示结果的词或词组有：so，therefore，then，as a result，in consequence，consequently，thus等。
(3)递进、补充关系：这种关系表示对前一事实或观点做进一步阐述。
常用的词、词组有：moreover，likewise，besides，in addition，also，too，not only…but also，apart from，what‘s more 等。
(4)对比、比较关系：对比观点或事物间的差异性，比较观点或事物间的同一性。
表示对比的词或词组有：in contrast，by contrast，on the contrary，conversely，unlike，oppositely 等。表示比较的词或词组有：like，in comparison，compare…with，as，just as等。
3、词义判断法。
词汇型问题也是完形填空的一个考点，主要测试考生在段落语篇中把握语义连贯性的能力，提供选择的词可能是近义词、近形词也可能是随意拼凑的四个选项，遇到这类题，既要联系上下文，又要具有扎实的词汇基础，有时还须根据自己的文化背景知识做出判断、选择答案。
三、阅读理解
在做阅读理解题时，除了掌握前面介绍的基本题型、基本法则外，还要进行有意识的阅读训练。提高阅读能力的训练主要可以从下面几个方面入手：词汇、方法、侧重点。
1、词汇：猜词的技巧。
在阅读过程中，不可避免地会碰到不认识的单词，考试中又不允许查词典，有些不认识的单词对文章的理解影响不大，可以忽略。但有些不认识的单词则会影响阅读者对文章理解的正确性。在这种情况下，必需猜测词的含义，这就需要利用猜词的技巧了。
最基本的猜词技巧有两种：一是根据构词法的规则猜，构词法的规则在前面的章节中已有介绍，这里就不重复了;另一种猜词的技巧是根据上下文的"描述、解释、列举、比较等，运用已有的知识，分析、推断该词的含义。常用的猜词技巧可归纳为以下几种：
(1)利用词根、词缀构词法推测词义。通过构词法推测词义是最常用的方法之一。
(2)分析文中对该词的直接定义推测词义。
作者在行文中有时不得不使用某些难词、偏词，为使读者理解，作者常常会在文章中直接解释该词语。作者或通过同位语，或使用定语从句加以阐明，或用冒号、破折号、括号给出，或用语篇标志词引出，这类语篇标志词有：that is (to say); e.g.;oor，in other words;to put it in another way等。如：
She is bilingual.In other words，she speaks English and French equally well.(bilingual：会说两种语言的)。
(3)分析文中对该词的近义复述推测词义。
同一短文中前后两个句子、短语或单词通常有互释作用，可以从上下文的复述中获取与某一单词或短语相关的信息以猜测词义。如：
It is difficult t
o list all of my fathe‘s attributes because he has so many different talents and abilities.(attribute：特质;才能)
(4)分析文中对该词的对比和并列表述推测词义。
利用上下文中的对比或并列表述猜测词义是最常用、最可靠的方法。有不少句子会在上下文中给出某个生词(尤其是偏词、难词)的同义词或反义词，运用对比或并列表达对这些生词加以推测。通过了解词与词之间的连接关系，特别是一些语篇标志词，如：however;on the other hand;nevertheless等，我们不难推断这些生词的词义。如：
If you agree，write “yes”;if you dissent，write “no”。(dissent：不同意）
请考生按规定用笔将所有试题的答案写在答题纸上。全部题目用英文作答。
注意事项：
1．答题前，考生务必将自己的考试课程名称、姓名、准考证号用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔填写在答题纸规定的位置上。
2．用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上，不能答在试题上。
I. Supply the missing paragraph. (20 points)
The following passage is incomplete with one body paragraph missing. Study the passage carefully and write the missing paragraph in about 100 words.Make sure that your tone and diction are in unity with the passage provided.
The Positive Effects of Owning a Dog on Children
Dogs are the best friend of children. The dog and the child teach each other things and they look after each other. Owning a dog can have positive effects on a child’s development. Having a dog develops a child’s sense of responsibility, broadens his capacity for empathy, and teaches him the nature of friendship.
The first advantage of owning a dog is that it’s helpful to develop a child’s sense of responsibility. Once you own a dog, you have to take care of it instead of only playing it: showering, feeding, walking, cleaning up, hair cutting and so on. Dogs are animals that have to spend time together with people or they get depressed. So you must take some time to stay with it. If they are sick, one can’t just leave it alone. All of these works are required to be carefully done which could make a child become more responsible.
Another lesson that a child can learn from having a dog is how to be empathetic. A dog cannot express itself with speech, so its owner must learn to understand what the dog’s behavior means. Is the dog frightened, aggressive, or sick? The child needs to understand what is going on in the dog’s mind. The result of learning to read a dog’s behavior is that the child develops mpathy. By learning how to empathize with a dog, the child also learns how to empathize with other people. This leads to the child becoming a more considerate and caring person.
Being considerate and caring are important characteristics in a good friend.One of the most significant benefits of owning a dog is the example of true friendship that a dog provides. A dog gives unconditional love to its owner. A dog will not stop loving its owner because of a little anger, indifference, or neglect. A dog will wait patiently for its owner to pat its head and say a few kind words. This acceptance of the negative qualities and appreciation for the positive qualities of its owner provide a wonderful model of how to be a good friend. A child who has learned to be as good a friend to others as his dog is to him will have learned one of the most valuable lessons in life.
These are some of the most important lessons a child will ever learn. The benefits of owning a dog will last in the child’s entire lifetime. The understanding and appreciation of responsibility, empathy, and friendship that a child develops from the experience of having a dog will help him or her grow into a reliable, caring, and mature adult.
II. Write an outline. (20 points)
Read the following passage carefully and compose a “topic outline” for it.
Acting out Metaphors Encourages Creative Thinking
It happens in schools, offices, and boardrooms everywhere: someone working on a project hits a mental block. A boss or teacher might resort to a metaphor like “think outside the box” or “put two and two together,” encouraging a creative solution to the problem. As it turns out, this isn’t just abstract advice. According to an upcoming issue of Psychological Science, literally working outside of a box or putting two halves of something together just might help those creative juices start flowing again.
Since physical metaphors regarding creativity are so common and appearing in several different languages, a group of researchers hypothesized that they may extend beyond mere metaphors. Their study indicates that acting out metaphors literally can affect how our minds work.
In the first part of the study, the researchers asked 102 undergraduates to perform a Remote Associates Test (RAT), in which the subjects were given three seemingly
uelated words and asked to come up with a word that relates to each one. For example, the subject might be given “measure,” “worm,” and “video,”and the correct response would be “tape.”
The participants were divided into three groups; one group was asked to perform this task while sitting inside a 5’ by 5’ cardboard box, another group sat outside the same box, and those in the third group performed the task without a box in the room at all. None of the
participants knew the hypothesis behind the study; they were merely told it was an experiment on different working environments.
There was no difference in performance between those inside the box and those with no box at all. However, the participants that were seated outside the box did much better on the RAT than the other two groups. Apparently, something about literally “thinking outside the box” encourages creativity.
A second experiment looked at another well-known piece of advice: to “put two and two together” to come up with an answer. In the study, 64 subjects were divided into two groups. The first group had to perform a RAT while joining halves of cut paper cards from piles on each side of a desk. The second group performed a similar task, but only had to move card halves from one side of a desk to the other side. Those “putting two and two together” by uniting the two halves of the cards did far better on the RAT than those that were merely moving the cards from one pile to another.
So, acting out metaphors linked to creativity really can help us think creatively. In fact, it does more than let us access the knowledge we presently have; it encourages us to come up with new, unique and creative ideas. Next time you’re stuck on a problem, take a minute to ponder—or even act out—your favorite metaphor, and you might happen upon a great solution.
Topic Outline
Acting out Metaphors Encourages Creative Thinking
It happens everywhere: mental block. A boss or teacher might resort to a metaphor like “think outside the box” or “put two and two together”. This isn’t just abstract advice but might really help have creative thoughts.
A group of researchers hypothesized that acting out metaphors may extend beyond mere metaphors. They can affect how our minds work.
In the first study, the researchers asked 102 undergraduates to perform a Remote Associates Test (RAT). The subjects were given three uelated words and asked to answer a word that relates to each one.
The participants were divided into three groups; one group was asked to perform this task while sitting inside a cardboard box, another group sat outside the same box, and those in the third group performed the task without a box in the room.
There was no difference in performance between those inside the box and those with no box at all. However, the participants outside the box did much better on the RAT. Apparently, something about literally “thinking outside the box” encourages creativity.
The second experiment focused on another advice: to “put two and two together” to come up with an answer. In the study, 64 subjects were divided into two groups. The first group performed a RAT while joining halves of cut paper cards together. The second group performed a similar task, but only had to move card halves from one side of a desk to the other side. Those uniting the two halves of the cards did far better on the RAT than those that were merely moving the cards from one pile to another.
So, acting out metaphors linked to creativity really can help us think creatively.
IIl. Compose an essay. (60 points)
People are more and more concerned about the environment. Write a 300-word
expository essay stating your opinion about what we can do as individuals to improve our environment.
How to improve our environment
Nowadays, environment problems are are becoming more and more influential to our daily lives than only appearing in newspapers and TVs, lectures or reports. For instance, in the last winter, foggy days with the so called PM2.5 caused a panic among citizens. People were afraid of the polluted air and chose to stay at home instead of going out.
Protecting the environment is really an extremely urgent thing. As we all know, low carbon life was proposed in recent years and I think it would be a reasonable way to solve our environment crisis.
We can figure out what benefits can be gained when we transfer this conception into a real existence, a low carbon campus. This simple shift of perspective can actually transform what used to be quite far away into something that is just around us.
Take the use of electronic devices for example, when we choose to climb the stairs instead of using an elevator, when we prefer bicycles to cars, we are doing something fantastic for ourselves. Think about these activities as exercises that would not only keep us physically fit, but also spiritually energetic. If we turn off the computer when they are not in use, or even limit the hours we spend in front of them, we are not only saving the electricity, but also doing a favor to our body, preventing ourselves from too much exposure to radiation and other possible harms caused by computer. We can gain at the same tine a healthy and pain-free neck, and avoid sore muscles, worsening eyesight and so on. When we use natural wind, rather than fans or air conditioner to feel cool in summer, we are also reducing the possibilities of all the illness related to the electronic devices.
What we eat can also contribute to the establishment of a low carbon campus. More
vegetables and less meat mean that less carbon will be emitted in the process of producing and preparing for such foods. And this can also translate to a more balanced diet and healthier eating habits. Then many problems, such as overweight, tiredness or even high blood pressure and heart disease can be controlled to a certain extent when we get older. And this good eating habit actually benefits us for a life time, and what starts at campus goes a long way.
From the above analysis, we can get the basic idea that when we are doing something to reduce the carbon campus, but at the same time, we are make positive changes for oueselves.
一：Sentence development 句子写作。
1） You always remain a victim
You will always remain a victim ,not only of some popular books ,but also of some people concerned.
2) Such an attitude would emphasize the value of life.
Such an attitude would emphasize sharply the value of life.
3)”Happy Christmas “he said.
“Happy Christmas “he said, smiling and picking out two flowers.
4)The piano player began to sing loudly.
The piano player began to sing loudly ,beating the keys with magic hands ,and nodding his head in rhythm.
5)I was very embarrassed .
I didn’t know what I should do.
I was very embarrassed ;I didn’t know what I should do.
6)Today at school Mr Moore brought in his pet rabbit.
He showed it to the class.
Today at school Mr Moore brought in his pet rabbit ,and he showed it to the class.
7)He is very busy preparing IELTS.
He has no time to play.
He is very busy preparing IELTS; therefore , He has no time to play.
8)The judge had a hard time deciding___________________.
The judge had a hard time deciding where painting was the best.
9)The house ____is still standing.
The house which Abraham Lincoln was born is still standing.
10)My presentation seemed to go well.
My presentation seemed to go well although I was feeling really nervous.
二，Short answers。简答题
1 What are the paragraph qualities?
Unity and coherence
2How many parts is an article usually composed of? What are they?
Three parts: introduction ,body and conclusion.
3How many forms can articles be roughly divided into？what are they?
Four forms :description ,narration ,argumentation and exposition.
4How many parts does a science and technology paper consist of? What are they?
Seven parts: title and authors name ,summary, contents ,text, acknowledgements, references, biographty.
5What are the characteristics of good writings?
Good thinking,to the point ,revisions, appropriate ,style for the purpose ,clear organization,
effective use of expressions reader oriented, simple and short, precise.
6What are the key features of a research paper?
A :It is based on extensive research of proven facts and authoritative testimony .
B:The author’s voice tends to be objective and neutral.
C:The style tends to be formal.
三 Science and technology writing in English .科技英语写作。
1 Write out definitions of the subjects given below , using the notes provided next to each subjects.
Biology is the scientific study of the natural processes of living things.(Biology may be defined as the science which natural processes of living things.)
Chemistry may be defined as a branch of science which deals with the basic characteristics of substances and the different ways in which they react or or combine with other substances.
Anthropology may be defined as the branch of seience which studies the human race ,its culture and society and its physical development.
Home Economics is the study of household management .It is largely concerned with learning how to deal with problems and challenges of homemarking.
Electrical and electronic engineering is a discipline which is enjoying a period of exciting and dynamic growth , Its findings are being applied with increasing frequency and effectiveness in households, medicine ,industry ,public services and business. Its great impact on modern life is likely to become even more dramatic in the near future.
4Revise or rewrite the following definitions below to make them more appropriate .You may consult a dictionary.
A school is a place where people, especially young people ,are educated.
An astronomer is a scientist who studies the universe as a whole and the objects which exist naturally in space ,such as the sun ,the moon ,planets and stars.
A degree is an academic qualification which is given by a college or university to a student who has completed a course of study.
A computer is an electronic machine which can solve mathematical problems at very high speeds.. It is nowadays mainly used for storing and recalling information ,and for controlling other machines .It has brought about great convenience and high efficiency ,thus releasing a vast number of manhours to be used in other efforts.
Sport is a game ,competition or activity which can be generally divided into the following broad categories:track and field ,ballgame ,gymnastics .Track and field events can be further divided
into such activities an jumping ,throwing ,running and walking.
3(1)IE:Sentences 1—3
IE2:Sentences 4—7
IE3：Sentences 8—9
IE4：Sentences10—12
IE5：Sentences 13
(2) The part of literature review is the longest since it includes specific information about different studies.
南京师范大学编
江苏省高等教育自学考试委员会办公室
Ⅰ 课程性质与课程目标
一、课程性质和特点
《英语应用文写作》课程是我省高等教育自学考试英语专业本科段的一门重要的专业必修课程，其任务是帮助英语专业的自学应考者学习和掌握与涉外职业特别是商务活动相关的英语应用文及商务贸易写作，了解商务应用文写作的基本要求和方法，培养学生掌握英语应用文写作的基础知识，商务英语书信的基本格式和写作技能，了解主要的英语商务应用文写作类型，提高商务英语书面表达能力，为毕业后成为适应社会需要的应用型涉外商务工作者打下良好的基础。
《英语应用文写作》课程介绍了以书信为主的英语应用文的结构和特点，提供各类应用文的常用句型与表达方式，并通过实例说明每种写作原则与注意事项，帮助学生学习多种商务信函的写作，包括建立商业关系、询价、投诉及理赔、推销信、致谢信、邀请信、求职信、个人简历、便函、会议记录、报告等。课程还通过丰富的练习，帮助学生全面提高英语应用文写作能力与英语语言沟通技巧。
二、课程目标（评价目标）
通过英语应用文写作课程的学习，学生能够熟练使用基本的应用文写作方法和技巧，能独立撰写意思清晰，用词恰当，条理清楚、符合国际标准的各类英语应用文。
英语应用文写作课程设置的目标是使得考生能够： 1、熟悉并学会使用英语应用文常用词汇和语句；
2、了解并熟悉国际标准的英语应用文，特别是商业书信和其它文件格式和通行规范；
3、掌握在涉外商务和其它国际交往中必备的书面表达技能技巧； 4、拓宽有关涉外业务的文化知识与英语语言知识。
三、与相关课程的联系与区别
本课程可以帮助学生掌握英语应用文写作的要求以及常用表达文本格式，辨别英语应用文在语言文体上的特点，从而更好地掌握英语语言。 英语应用文写
作课程的先修课程是基础英语、英语写作、英语阅读、英语口语等。本课程所学基本词汇和基本句型与基础英语、英语写作、英语阅读、英语口语的基本词汇和基本句型相互渗透，相辅相成。通过学习本课程，学生的实际语言运用能力能够得到提高，且能为后续的专业课程的学习打好基础。
四、课程的重点和难点
见课程内容与考核要求。
Ⅱ 考核目标
本大纲在考核目标中，按照识记、领会、应用三个层次规定其应达到的能力层次要求。三个能力层次是递进关系，各能力层次的含义是：
1、识记：能知道有关的名词、概念、知识的含义，并能正确认识和表述，是低层次的要求。
2、领会：在识记的基础上，能全面把握基本概念、基本原理、基本方法，能掌握有关概念、原理、方法的区别与联系，是较高层次的要求。
3、应用：在理解的基础上，能运用基本概念、基本原理、基本方法联系学过的多个知识点分析和解决有关的理论问题和实际问题，是最高层次的要求。
Ⅲ 课程内容与考核要求
第一单元 商务英语写作规范 Unit 1 BUSINESS STYLE
一、学习目的与要求
本单元主要讲述英语应用文中最重要的部分商务英语写作的基本概念，商务英文写作的文体风格，语言特点。要求学生掌握应用文，特别是商务英语写作所要求的“5 C”基本原则，即Clarity清楚, Conciseness简洁, Correctness正确, Concreteness具体, 和Courtesy礼貌。同时，还要求学生了解商务英语写作的组织步骤。
二、课程内容（考试内容）
1. 5Cs’Principle of Business Writing
1.1 Clarity 1.2 Conciseness
1.3 Correctness 1.4 Concreteness 1.5 Courtesy
2． Organization of Business Letter
2.1 Introduction 2.2 Body 2.3 Closing
三、考核知识点与考核要求 识记：5C原则
clarity（清晰性）conciseness（简洁性）correctness（正确性） concreteness（具体性）courtesy（礼貌性） 应用：5C原则指导下的商务英语写作 四、本章关键问题
商务英语写作的基本要求。
第二单元 信函格式 Unit 2 LETTER FORMAT
一、学习目的与要求
本单元主要介绍商务信函的组成要素、格式、写作要求和英文信封的写法以及打印方式。要求学生能够：
1．掌握商务信函的组成部分及格式与布局。 2．掌握不同格式下商务信函各组成部分的位置。
3．掌握商务信函中日期、地址、称呼、结尾敬语的写法。 4．熟悉商务信函的撰写与普通信函的异同。 5．掌握英文商务书信信封的写法。 二、课程内容
1.The Structure of a Business Letter 商务书信结构
Letterhead, Date, Inside Name and Address, Attention Line, Salutation, Subject line, Body, Complimentary Closing, Signature, Reference, Enclosure, Carbon Copy.
2. The Layout of a Business Letter 商务书信格式
Full-Block, Blocked, Semi-Blocked, Simplified. 3. Addressing an Envelope 信封写法
三、考核知识点与考核要求
识记：英文商务书信格式和组成部分。
应用：书写格式正确完整的英文商务书信，以及信封。 四、本章关键问题
英文商务书信格式和组成部分。
第三单元 建立商业关系
Unit 3 ESTABLISHING BUSINESS RELATIONS
一、学习目的与要求
了解写作建立商业关系信函的目的，了解建立商业关系的几种常用途径。掌握建立贸易关系信函的写法、相关术语和表达以及一些常用语句。掌握公司介绍的方法。
二、课程内容（考试内容） 1．Introduction
1.1 Purpose of establishing business relations 1.2 Company Introduction a) Opening b) Body c) Closing 3. Sample Letters
4. Useful Sentences and Expressions: 三、考核知识点与考核要求
识记： ① 什么是商务贸易关系，建立商贸关系的重要性；
② 建立商贸关系信函的写法； ③ 如何进行公司介绍。
应用： 写作建立商务贸易关系的信函。 四、本章关键问题
如何写好建立商务关系的信函，如何介绍公司单位。
2．Structure of the letter of establishing business relations
第四单元 询问信函 Unit 4 REQUEST LETTERS
一、学习目的与要求
了解询问求助信函的写作目的，掌握写作技巧和策略，写作询问求助信函常用语以及回复函的写法。能够以买家或求助者的角色写询问信函，寻求各种信息或帮助。掌握有关询问商品价格及答复的各种商业术语和表达方法。 二、课程内容 1．Introduction
1.1 Inquiry
1.2 Inquiry Reply
2．Structure
a) Opening b) Body c) Closing 3. Sample Letters
4. Useful Sentences and Expressions 三、考核知识点与考核要求
识记：询问信的写作目的和要素。要求出口商报价和回复报价的常用术语。 应用：根据要求，写出格式正确，信息完整，语言清晰简洁的询价信函和回复函。 四、本章关键问题
询问信及询价信函的写作目的和要素及常用术语。
第五单元 报盘与还盘信函
Unit 5 QUOTATION, OFFER AND COUNTER-OFFER
一、学习目的与要求
了解国际商业贸易中有关商品报价实盘和虚盘的区别，报盘的组成部分，报盘的各种条款。掌握对外贸易信函中报盘的相关表达方法，常用术语。 二、课程内容（考试内容） 1．Introduction
1.1 Quotation and Offer
1.2 Firm Offer and Non-firm Offer 1.3 Counter-Offer 2．Structure
a) Opening
b) Body c) Closing 3. Terms and Conditions
a) Terms of price b) Terms of payment
4．Sample Letters
4. Useful Sentences and Expressions: 三、考核知识点与考核要求
识记： 报价Quotation, 实盘Firm Offer, 虚盘Non-firm Offer, 返盘Counter-Offer, 报价条款 Terms and Conditions (FOB, CIF, C&F, L/C, etc.) 应用： 根据要求，写出格式正确，信息完整，语言清晰简洁的报价、报盘和返盘等国际贸易信函。 四、本章关键问题
报价Quotation, 实盘Firm Offer, 虚盘Non-firm Offer, 返盘Counter-Offer, 报价条款。
第六单元 订购与合同
Unit 6 ORDER AND CONTRACT
一、学习目的与要求
了解国际贸易中订货信函的主要内容，掌握此类信函的典型句型和常用表达。掌握订单的相关知识和写作方法；了解怎样进行订单、确认订单、取消订单；掌握与订单相关的重点词汇和词句。了解定购合同和销售合同的内容和书写格式，掌握相关的内容及常用的固定搭配及惯用语句。 二、课程内容（考试内容） 1．Introduction
1.1 Placing Order 1.2 Purchasing Order 1.3 Order Acknowledgement 1.4 Sales Confirmation 2．Structure
a) Opening b) Body c) Closing
3. Sample Letters
4. Useful Sentences and Expressions 三、考核知识点与考核要求
识记：订货信函的主要内容，订单，确认订单以及合同的书写格式，常用语句。 应用：根据要求写出格式正确，信息完整，语言清晰简洁的订货信函、订单、确认订单和合同。 四、本章关键问题
订货信函的主要内容，订单，确认订单以及合同的书写格式。
第七单元 支付与催款
Unit 7 PAYMENT AND COLLECTION LETTERS
一、学习目的与要求
熟悉并掌握不同的付款方式：付款交单、承兑交单、信用证方式付款。 熟练掌握信用证付款方式的有关知识和写作方法。掌握与付款、催款相关的重点词汇和表达方式。
二、课程内容（考试内容） 1．Payment
1.1 Remittance 汇付 1.2 Collection 托收 1.3 Letter of Credit 信用证
1.4 Credit Application Letters 信用申请信函 2．Collection Letters 催款函 3. Sample Letters
4. Useful Sentences and Expressions 三、考核知识点与考核要求 本单元不作为考核内容。 四、本章关键问题
不同的付款方式；信用申请信函的内容与写作方法；催款函的主要内容和写
作方法。
第八单元 投诉、索赔与理算
Unit 8 COMPLAINTS, CLAIMS AND ADJUSTMENTS
一、学习目的与要求
了解投诉、索赔和理赔的前提、内容及方式。掌握投诉、索赔和理赔中的相关术语、语言特征和表达技巧。掌握投诉、索赔和理赔的信函结构，写作方法和英语常用语句。
二、课程内容（考试内容） 1．Complaints 投诉
a) Complaint about delay
b) Complaint about broken merchandise c) Complaint about poor packing d) Complaint about missing goods
2．Claims 索赔
a) Claim about irregularity with order b) Claim about defects in merchandise
3. Adjustments 理赔
a) Granting adjustment b) Grating partial adjustment c) Refusing adjustment
4. Sample Letter Study
4. Useful Sentences and Expressions: 三、考核知识点与考核要求
识记： ① 投诉的原因、投诉信函的写作目的和写作方法。
② 索赔的原因、索赔信函的写作目的和写作方法。 ③ 理赔的种类与方法，理赔信函的写作要点。
应用：根据要求写出格式正确、信息完整、语言清晰简洁、语气适当的投诉、索赔和理赔信函。 四、本章关键问题
投诉、索赔和理赔信函写作的内容及方法。
第九单元 推销信函 Unit 9 SALES LETTERS
一、学习目的与要求
了解推销信函的内容、写作特点以及推销信函写作的基本结构要求。掌握推销信的内涵与功能、语言特征、文本格式、推销信常用语句。 二、课程内容（考试内容） 1．Introduction
1.1 Purpose of Sales Letter 1.2 Four essential elements 1.3 Follow-up Letter
2．Structure and Writing Suggestions
a) Opening b) Body c) Closing 3. Sample Letter.
4. Useful Sentences and Expressions 三、考核知识点与考核要求 识记： ①推销信函的类型和功能；
②推销信函的结构特征；
③推销信函的写作技巧和常用语句。
应用：根据要求写出格式正确、信息完整、语言清晰简洁、有说服力的推销信函。 四、本章关键问题
推销信函的基本要素和功能，销售信函的写作方法，推销信函常用语句。
第十单元 求职信与求职简历
Unit 10 JOB APPLICATION AND RESUME
一、学习目的与要求
了解写作求职信和求职简历的主要内容、格式规范等基本要求，掌握求职信和求职简历以及与求职相关的信函写作方法，信函结构和语言特征，掌握英文求
职信函常用语句。
二、课程内容（考试内容） 1．Application Letters
1.1 What is a good application letter?
a) Attract the reader’s attention
b) Interest the reader in you as a prospective employee. c) Make the reader want to hire you d) Lead to a personal interview
1.2 Writing Suggestions 1.3 Sample Letters 2．Resume
2.1 Formats and Contents 2.2 Samples
3. Letters of Reference and Recommendation 4. Useful Sentences and Expressions 三、考核知识点与考核要求
识记： ①求职信的写作目的与主要内容；
②求职简历的内容构成和常见格式； ③求职信函常用语句。
应用： ①写作语法正确，格式规范的个人简历；
②写作格式正确、信息完整、语言清晰简洁、有说服力的求职信函。
四、本章关键问题
求职信的写作目的与主要内容，求职简历的内容构成和常见格式。
第十一单元 社交信
Unit 11 SOCIAL BUSINESS LETTERS
一、学习目的与要
了解常用社交信函的写作目的和类型，社交信函的功能以及基本要求。了解致谢信、祝贺信、邀请信、请柬、公告、慰问信等的写作方法。掌握商务社交信
函的范畴、语言特征、文本格式、国际通行的社交惯例、常用社交信函用语。 二、课程内容
1. Letter of Thanks （致谢信） 1.1 Writing Suggestions
1.2 Sample Letter
2. Letter of Congratulations （祝贺信）
2.1 Writing Suggestions 2.2 Sample Letter
3. Invitations （邀请信、请柬） 3.1 Formal Invitation 3.2 Informal Invitation 4. Announcements （公告）
5. Letter of Condolence or Sympathy （吊唁或慰问信）
5.1 Writing Suggestions 5.2 Sample Letter
6. Useful Sentences and Expressions 三、考核知识点与考核要求 识记： ①致谢信；
②祝贺信； ③邀请信和请柬； ④社交信函常用语句。
应用： 根据要求写出格式正确、信息完整、语言清晰简洁、语气适当，体现社交礼仪的商务社交信函（致谢信、祝贺信、邀请信和请柬）。 四、本章关键问题
商务社交信函的类型与功能，各种社交信函的写法，语言特征，格式规范。
第十二单元 备忘录和会议记录 Unit 12 MEMOS AND MINUTES
一、学习目的与要求
了解备忘录或便函，会议记录的功能，了解其内涵、特点、要素、使用范围。掌握备忘录和会议记录的规范格式和写作基本要求，掌握备忘录和会议记录的写作方法。 二、课程内容
1．Interoffice Memos 备忘录 (便函)
1.1 The Purpose of Writing a Memo 1.2 Memo Format 1.3 Organization of Memo 1.4 Sample Memos 1.5 Writing Suggestions 2．Minutes 会议记录
2.1 Writing Suggestions 2.2 Sample Minutes 三、考核知识点与考核要求
识记： ①备忘录的格式，组成部分，语言特点；
②会议记录的格式和构成部分； ③备忘录与会议记录常用语。
应用：写作格式规范、语言简洁、内容完整的备忘录和会议记录。 四、本单元关键问题
备忘录或商务便函和会议记录的功能、特点、要素、使用范围、文本格式和写作方法。
第十三单元 报告
Unit 13 BUSINESS REPORTS
一、学习目的与要求
了解商业报告的特点，了解商务报告的不同类型和结构，区分信息式报告和分析式报告，了解正式报告和非正式报告的构成要素及其差别。掌握商业报告写作的方法和基本结构要求，掌握英文商务报告常用语句。
二、课程内容
1．The Parts of a Report 报告的组成部分
1.1 Memo or letter of transmission 1.2 Table of contents
1.3 List of tables and illustration 1.4 Acknowledgements 1.5 Summary 1.6 Body of the report 1.7 Recommendations 1.8 Appendixes
2．Kinds of Report 报告的类型
2.1 Informational report 2.2 Analytical report
3. Formats of Reports 报告的格式
3.1 Report in memo form 3.2 Report in letter form 3.3 Short informal report 3.4 Long formal report
4. Writing Suggestions 三、考核知识点与考核要求 本单元不作为考核内容。 四、本章关键问题
商务报告的主要类型和文本特征。
Ⅳ 关于大纲的说明与考核实施要求
一、自学考试大纲的目的和作用
课程自学考试大纲是根据专业自学考试计划的要求，结合自学考试的特点而确定。其目的是对个人自学、社会助学和课程考试命题进行指导和规定。
课程自学考试大纲明确了课程学习的内容以及深广度，规定了课程自学考试的范围和标准。因此，它是编写自学考试教材和辅导书的依据，是社会助学组织
进行自学辅导的依据，是自学者学习教材、掌握课程内容知识范围和程度的依据，也是进行自学考试命题的依据。
二、课程自学考试大纲与教材的关系
课程自学考试大纲是进行学习和考核的依据，教材是学习掌握课程知识的基本内容与范围，教材的内容是大纲所规定的课程知识和内容的扩展与发挥。课程内容在教材中可以体现一定的深度或难度，但在大纲中对考核的要求一定要适当。
大纲与教材所体现的课程内容应基本一致；大纲里面的课程内容和考核知识点，教材里一般也要有。反过来教材里有的内容，大纲里就不一定体现。（注：如果教材是推荐选用的，其中有的内容与大纲要求不一致的地方，应以大纲规定为准。）
三、关于自学教材
《新编商务英语写作教程》，王晓英、杨靖主编，东南大学出版社，版。
四、关于自学要求和自学方法的指导
本大纲的课程基本要求是依据专业考试计划和专业培养目标而确定的。课程基本要求还明确了课程的基本内容，以及对基本内容掌握的程度。基本要求中的知识点构成了课程内容的主体部分。因此，课程基本内容掌握程度、课程考核知识点是高等教育自学考试考核的主要内容。
为有效地指导个人自学和社会助学，本大纲已指明了课程的重点和难点，在章节的基本要求中一般也指明了章节内容的重点和难点。
四、自学方法指导
1、在开始阅读指定教材某一单元之前，先翻阅大纲中有关这一单元的考核知识点及对知识点的能力层次要求和考核目标，以便在阅读教材时做到心中有数，有的放矢。
2、阅读教材时，要逐段细读，逐句推敲，集中精力，吃透每一个知识点，对基本概念必须深刻理解，对基本理论必须彻底弄清，对基本方法必须牢固掌握。 3、在自学过程中，既要思考问题，也要做好阅读笔记，把教材中的基本概念、原理、方法等加以整理，这可从中加深对问题的认知、理解和记忆，以利于突出
重点，并涵盖整个内容，可以不断提高自学能力。
4、完成书后作业和适当的辅导练习是理解、消化和巩固所学知识，培养分析问题、解决问题及提高能力的重要环节，在做练习之前，应认真阅读教材，按考核目标所要求的不同层次，掌握教材内容，在练习过程中对所学知识进行合理的.回顾与发挥，注重理论联系实际和具体问题具体分析，解题时应注意培养逻辑性，
针对问题围绕相关知识点进行层次（步骤）分明的论述或推导，明确各层次（步骤）间的逻辑关系。 五、应考指导
1. 如何学习
很好的计划和组织是你学习成功的法宝。如果你正在接受培训学习，一定要跟紧课程并完成作业。为了在考试中做出满意的回答，你必须对所学课程内容有很好的理解。使用“行动计划表”来监控你的学习进展。你阅读课本时可以做读书笔记。如有需要重点注意的内容，可以用彩笔来标注。如：红色代表重点；绿色代表需要深入研究的领域；黄色代表可以运用在工作之中。可以在空白处记录相关网站，文章。
2. 如何考试
卷面整洁非常重要。书写工整，段落与间距合理，卷面赏心悦目有助于教师评分，教师只能为他能看懂的内容打分。回答所提出的问题。要回答所问的问题，而不是回答你自己乐意回答的问题！避免超过问题的范围。
3. 如何处理紧张情绪
正确处理对失败的惧怕，要正面思考。如果可能，请教已经通过该科目考试的人，问他们一些问题。做深呼吸放松，这有助于使头脑清醒，缓解紧张情绪。考试前合理膳食，保持旺盛精力，保持冷静。
4. 如何克服心理障碍
这是一个普遍问题！如果你在考试中出现这种情况，试试下列方法：使用“线索”纸条。进入考场之前，将记忆“线索”记在纸条上，但你不能将纸条带进考场，因此当你阅读考卷时，一旦有了思路就快速记下。按自己的步调进行答卷。为每个考题或部分分配合理时间，并按此时间安排进行。
六、对社会助学的要求
1、应熟知考试大纲对课程提出的总要求和各单元的知识点。
2、应掌握各知识点要求达到的能力层次，并深刻理解对各知识点的考核目标。 3、辅导时，应以考试大纲为依据，指定的教材为基础，不要随意增删内容，以免与大纲脱节。
4、辅导时，应对学习方法进行指导，宜提倡“认真阅读教材，刻苦钻研教材，主动争取帮助，依靠自己学通”的方法。
5、辅导时，要注意突出重点，对考生提出的问题，不要有问即答，要积极启发引导。
6、注意对应考者能力的培养，特别是自学能力的培养，要引导学生逐步学会独立学习，在自学过程中善于提出问题，分析问题，做出判断，解决问题。 7、要使考生了解试题的难易与能力层次高低两者不完全是一回事，在各个能力层次中会存在着不同难度的试题。
8、助学学时：本课程共4学分，建议总课时72学时，其中助学课时分配如下：
七、对考核内容的说明
1. 本课程要求考生学习和掌握的知识点内容都作为考核的内容。课程中各章的内容均由若干知识点组成，在自学考试中成为考核知识点。因此，课程自学考试大纲中所规定的考试内容是以分解为考核知识点的方式给出的。由于各知识点在课程中的地位、作用以及知识自身的特点不同，自学考试将对各知识点分别按四个认知（或叫能力）层次确定其考核要求。
2. 在考试之日起6个月前，由全国人民代表大会和国务院颁布或修订的法律、法规都将列入相应课程的考试范围。凡大纲、教材内容与现行法律、法规不符的，应以现行法律法规为准。命题时也会对我国经济建设和科技文化发展的重大方针政策的变化予以体现。（注：一般会涉及到公共政治课、公共管理类、经济管理类、法律等社会科学有关专业的相关课程，其内容所占比例约为10%―15%。涉及这方面内容的课程大纲，要在本大纲里提醒个人自学者、社会助学组织在学习过程中关注此事。）
3. 按照重要性程度不同，考核内容分为重点内容、次重点内容、一般内容，在本课程试卷中对不同考核内容要求的分数比例大致为：重点内容占60%，次重点内容占30%，一般内容占10%。
八、关于考试命题的若干规定
1、考试方法为闭卷考试，考试时间150分钟。
2、本大纲各章所规定的基本要求、知识点及知识点下的知识细目，都属于考核的内容。考试命题既要覆盖到章，又要避免面面俱到。要注意突出课程的重点、章节重点，加大重点内容的覆盖度。
3、命题不应有超出大纲中考核知识点范围的题，考核目标不得高于大纲中所规定的相应的最高能力层次要求。命题应着重考核自学者对基本概念、基本知识和基本理论是否了解或掌握，对基本方法是否会用或熟练。不应出与基本要求不符的偏题或怪题。
4、本课程在试卷中对不同能力层次要求的分数比例大致为：识记占40%，
应用占60%。
5、试题的难度可分为：易、较易、较难和难四个等级。每份试卷中不同难 度试题的分数比例一般为：2:3:3:2。
6、课程考试命题的主要题型一般有单项选择题、多项选择题、填空题、重组 题、简答题、翻译题、写作题等题型。
7、在命题工作中必须按照本课程大纲中所规定的题型命制，考试试卷使用的 题型可以略少，但不能超出本课程对题型规定。
附录：题型举例
1.填空
Fill in the blanks with correct items:
A good writing must carry qualities of _____, _____ ,______, ______,and . (5 C’s) 2.简答
Answer the following questions自考英语应用文写作: 1)
What are the differences between full
adjustment and partial
adjustment when deal with a complaint or claim?
2) What are the common components of a business minutes? 3.重组
Rearrange the following phrases so that they compose a proper letter of thanks:
1) Dear Mr. Karl
2) We have always valued the happy working relationship.
3) how much we appreciate the unusually large order you placed with us yesterday,
4) I just want to write to you personally to say and to thank you 5) that has existed over so many years between our two firms,
6) Yours sincerely,
7) and shall do our best to maintain it.
8) Believe me, it is a great pleasure to serve you again. 9) for your continued confidence in us. 4.翻译
Translate the following letter into English:
请寄一份“永久牌”自行车的商品目录和最新价目表。我们对男女式自行车均感兴趣。本地区的自行车需求量很大。由于汽油昂贵，很可能越来越多的人将使用自行车而取代汽车。如果贵公司的自行车质量令人满意并且价格由竞争性，我公司将长期大量订购。 5.写作
Practical writing test:
1) Write an application letter of yourself seeking a secretary position in an advertising company.
2) Write an invitation based on the following information: 被邀请人：Mr. Henry James 邀请人：ABC 公司 出席：晚宴
原因：庆祝ABC公司成立60周年
时间：12月31日（星期六）晚8：30 地点：世界贸易中心大厦10楼
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